Gallstones
Gallstones can be found by chance without symptoms, or cause pain and complications by blocking the flow of bile. Treatment depends on where the stones are and whether they cause problems. Sudden severe pain, jaundice or fever should not be treated as a routine appointment request.
In this guide
Understanding Gallstones
Gallstones are hardened deposits that form in the gallbladder, a small organ located beneath the liver. These stones can vary in size and composition, ranging from small pebbles to larger stones. Gallstones can develop when there is an imbalance in the substances that make up bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. Gallstones can cause pain and other symptoms when they block the normal flow of bile.
Symptoms
The presence of gallstones may not always cause symptoms. However, when symptoms do occur, they can include:
- Sudden and intense pain in the upper right abdomen
- Back or shoulder pain
- Nausea and vomiting
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
- Indigestion and bloating
Diagnosis
Gallstones are typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as:
- Ultrasound
- CT scan
- MRI
Blood tests may also be conducted to check for signs of infection or other complications associated with gallstones.
Treatment
Treatment for gallstones depends on the severity of symptoms and the patient’s overall health. In cases where gallstones are causing symptoms, treatment options may include:
- Watchful Waiting: If gallstones are not causing symptoms, a doctor may recommend monitoring the condition without immediate treatment.
- Medications: Medications may be prescribed to help dissolve gallstones or to manage pain and discomfort.
- Surgery: In cases where gallstones are causing significant symptoms or complications, surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) may be recommended. This surgery is commonly performed using minimally invasive techniques.
Prevention
To reduce the risk of developing gallstones, individuals are advised to:
- Maintain a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise.
- Avoid rapid weight loss diets, as they can increase the risk of gallstone formation.
- Consume a diet rich in fiber and low in saturated fats.
- Stay hydrated by drinking an adequate amount of water each day.
Conclusion
While gallstones can cause discomfort and complications, they can be effectively managed with proper diagnosis and treatment. It is essential for patients to work closely with their healthcare providers to develop a treatment plan that addresses their individual needs and concerns. By following preventive measures and seeking timely medical care, individuals can reduce the impact of gallstones on their health and well-being.
A little more clarity
Your questions, answered
Do gallstones found by chance always need treatment?
No. Gallstones that are not causing symptoms may not need treatment. The clinician should consider the scan findings and your circumstances, including whether stones are in a bile duct rather than only in the gallbladder. Ask whether any follow-up is needed.
How are suspected gallstones usually investigated?
An ultrasound scan and blood tests are commonly used when gallstones are suspected. The results help assess the gallbladder and look for possible complications. Further tests depend on the findings; not everyone needs a CT or MRI scan.
Can changing my diet remove gallstones?
Dietary changes do not reliably remove existing gallstones. Avoiding foods that trigger symptoms may help while you discuss treatment, and your clinician may give dietary advice. A diet plan is not a substitute for assessment if pain continues or complications are suspected.
Why might a bile duct procedure be discussed as well as surgery?
Stones in the common bile duct may need to be cleared with a procedure such as ERCP, which uses an endoscope passed through the mouth. Gallbladder removal is a different operation. Your team should explain whether one or both procedures are relevant to your findings.
When should gallstone symptoms be assessed urgently?
NHS advice is to seek urgent GP or NHS 111 help for abdominal pain lasting longer than 30 minutes. Call 999 or go to A&E for sudden severe abdominal pain, pain spreading to the back with vomiting, a very high temperature or shivering, or yellow skin or eyes. Do not wait for a private appointment.
Patient information and guides
These leaflets provide general information and do not replace individual medical advice. Follow the instructions of your clinical team for your own care.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (PDF, 2 pages)
An overview of keyhole gallbladder removal, including risks and post-operative care.
Sources & further reading
This guide provides general information, not an individual diagnosis or treatment plan. Your clinical team will advise what is appropriate for you.